Traditional materials also lack hypothetical scenarios that may be encountered in flight or clear instructions on different topics in weather aviation. Though there are flight simulators and other expensive visualization equipment to simulate weather phenomena, most of them use cockpit views and focus on practical training instead of aeronautical knowledge instruction. These 2D materials cannot effectively communicate all the complexities of weather phenomena and require students to create their own 3D mental models leading to misunderstanding of important concepts. In addition to the inconsistency in training programs, the educational materials provided to student pilots are exclusively in 2D formats such as textbooks, images, and videos. Different training programs focus on different aspects of weather, which leads to inconsistency in pilots’ knowledge levels. Student or novice pilots can learn weather theory knowledge from a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot school, either in-person or at home. The development of the system and a technological evaluation of the application’s rendering and tracking performance across different devices is presented. This paper presents research on how to address the technical challenges of developing and implementing a complex thunderstorm visualization in a marker-based mobile AR application.

These limitations make the implementation of mobile device based AR especially challenging for complex visualization of weather phenomena. However, mobile devices have limitations in rendering, camera tracking, and screen size.

To address these issues, Augmented Reality (AR) was utilized to provide 3D immersive content while running on commodity devices. Current weather training in classrooms relies on 2D materials that students often find difficult to map into a real 3D environment. Research shows that accidents are partially caused by ineffective weather theory training.

In 2021, there were 1,157 general aviation (GA) accidents, 210 of them fatal, making GA the deadliest civil aviation category.

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